Development of Human Toxo IgG ELISA Kit, and False-Positivity of Latex Agglutination Test for the Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis

Toxocara is one of the most prevalent nematodes in Iran, which infect humans as an intermediate host. Infection complications result from the larva migration. Human toxocariasis prevalence was various in Iran according to the area of study and population. This study was designed to evaluate the seropositivity of Toxocara IgG in patients with blood disorders and cancer patients in southwest Iran. Moreover, the study of the associated risk factors for this infection.

A total of 1122 serum samples, from February 8, 2019 to August 21, 2019, including 600 healthy individuals and 522 individuals with cancer and blood disorders patients were collected. Serum samples were collected for detection of Toxocara IgG by using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) kit. Sociodemographic data of all participants were collected and examined to determine their association with the infection.

Out of 101 individuals with white blood cell disorders (5.94%), red blood cell disorders (7.48%) and cancer patients (11.06%) were seropositive for Toxocara IgG antibodies. The infection rate among all study population revealed that (10.76%) were positive for Toxocara IgG. This study showed the fundamental role of contact with pets and infection in groups with blood cell disorders (P-value ≤ 0.05%); while in cancer patients the association wasn’t significant. Other factors such as age, location of residence, and sex showed that the association with this infection wasn’t significant.

Toxoplasma gondii and Salmonella are zoonotic foodborne pathogens that may be transmitted to humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, including game. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii and Salmonella antibodies in wild boars in two different regions in Switzerland. During the hunting season of 2020, a total of 126 diaphragm muscle samples of hunted wild boars were collected and the meat juice of these samples was analysed for pathogen-specific IgG antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

The overall seroprevalences were 35% for T. gondii and 17% for Salmonella, respectively. In general, seropositivity increased with the age of the animals. Seroprevalences of T. gondii were similar for animals from the northern region (29%) to those from the southern region (36.8%), indicating that T. gondii is widespread in the sylvestrian environment.

By contrast, Salmonella seropositivity was remarkably higher in wild boars from the north (52%) compared with those from the south (5.3%). The high occurrence of Salmonella may represent a risk of transmission to compatriot domestic animals such free-range farmed pigs as well as to humans. Further, meat of hunted wild boars may present a source of human toxoplasmosis or salmonellosis.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by Dabie bandavirus that belongs to the genus Bandavirus in the family Phenuiviridae and order Bunyavirales and is transmitted by hard ticks. It has been detected in several tick species, various animals, and humans.

The purpose of this study was to detect SFTS virus (SFTSV) antigen and antibody in wild boar in the Republic of Korea (ROK). A total of 768 sera samples were collected from wild boar in the ROK between January and December 2019. Viral RNA was extracted from sera using viral RNA extraction kit, and one-step RT-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the S segment of the SFTSV. The sequencing data were analyzed using Chromas and aligned using Clustal X.

The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum-likelihood method using MEGA7. In addition, wild boar sera were tested for IgG antibodies against SFTSV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Of a total of 768 sera samples, 40 (5.2%) were positive for SFTSV by RT-PCR targeting the S segment.

Two hundred twenty-one (28.8%) and 159 (20.7%) of 768 sera samples were seropositive by ELISA and IFA, respectively. Based on both ELISA and IFA tests of the same samples, 110 (14.3%) wild boar sera samples were positive for SFTSV antibodies. Of a total of 40 positive serum samples by RT-PCR, 33 (82.5%) and 7 (17.5%) sera were classified as the genotype B-3 and D, respectively, by sequence analysis,. These results provide useful information that demonstrates the detection of antigen and antibody in wild boar sera samples for every month of a certain year throughout the ROK.

Hantaviruses are rodent-borne zoonosis pathogens that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in humans. Rodents spread the virus via their excretions. The outbreak of Hantaviruses pose a significant public health problem.

The epidemiology and history of Hantaviruses in Iran is not clear and regardless of the data from the few available studies, little is known about its epidemiology in this country. Herein, we discuss the prevalence of IgG antibody against Hantavirus serotypes in 385 street sweepers from southwest of Iran. Serum samples were investigated, using Hantavirus Pool 1 “Eurasia” IgG kit and Pool 2 “America” ELISA IgG kit (Euroimmun, Germany) to detect IgG antibodies against Old and New World Hantaviruses.

Canine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-c-96T	DL Develop	96T	EUR 684
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Canine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma or other biological fluids.

Equine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-Eq-48T	DL Develop	48T	EUR 432
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Equine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Equine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-Eq-96T	DL Develop	96T	EUR 548.4
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Equine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Goat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-g-48T	DL Develop	48T	EUR 556.8
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Goat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Goat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-g-96T	DL Develop	96T	EUR 721.2
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Goat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Mouse Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-Mu-48T	DL Develop	48T	EUR 393.6
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Mouse Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-Mu-96T	DL Develop	96T	EUR 498
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Porcine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-p-48T	DL Develop	48T	EUR 547.2
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Porcine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates or other biological fluids.

Porcine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-p-96T	DL Develop	96T	EUR 708
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Porcine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates or other biological fluids.

Rat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-Ra-48T	DL Develop	48T	EUR 400.8
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Rat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-Ra-96T	DL Develop	96T	EUR 506.4
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Rabbit Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-Rb-48T	DL Develop	48T	EUR 404.4
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rabbit Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Rabbit Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
DLR-IgG-Rb-96T	DL Develop	96T	EUR 511.2
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rabbit Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Bovine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-b-48Tests	Reddot Biotech	48 Tests	EUR 567.6

Bovine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-b-96Tests	Reddot Biotech	96 Tests	EUR 784.8

Canine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-c-48Tests	Reddot Biotech	48 Tests	EUR 546

Canine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-c-96Tests	Reddot Biotech	96 Tests	EUR 754.8

Equine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-Eq-48Tests	Reddot Biotech	48 Tests	EUR 429.6

Equine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-Eq-96Tests	Reddot Biotech	96 Tests	EUR 588

Goat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-g-48Tests	Reddot Biotech	48 Tests	EUR 578.4

Goat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-g-96Tests	Reddot Biotech	96 Tests	EUR 800.4

Mouse Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-Mu-48Tests	Reddot Biotech	48 Tests	EUR 385.2

Mouse Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-Mu-96Tests	Reddot Biotech	96 Tests	EUR 525.6

Porcine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-p-48Tests	Reddot Biotech	48 Tests	EUR 567.6

Porcine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-p-96Tests	Reddot Biotech	96 Tests	EUR 784.8

Rat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-Ra-48Tests	Reddot Biotech	48 Tests	EUR 393.6

Rat Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-Ra-96Tests	Reddot Biotech	96 Tests	EUR 536.4

Rabbit Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-Rb-48Tests	Reddot Biotech	48 Tests	EUR 397.2

Rabbit Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RDR-IgG-Rb-96Tests	Reddot Biotech	96 Tests	EUR 541.2

Bovine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RD-IgG-b-48Tests	Reddot Biotech	48 Tests	EUR 543.6

Bovine Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Kit
RD-IgG-b-96Tests	Reddot Biotech	96 Tests	EUR 750

The results showed a specific IgG antibody in two samples (0.5%). Both of seropositive cases had specific IgG antibody against Old World Hantaviruses. The data of the current study along with the previous data, indicate the circulation of Hantaviruses in Iran. Hence, the risk of Hantavirus infection in high-risk groups should be considered as a serious health issue.